@article{bibcite_13349,
  keywords = {active measures, agent of influence, deception operations, disinformation, hybrid warfare, KGB, Russia, Siloviki, subversion},
  author = {Steve Abrams},
  title = {Beyond Propaganda: Soviet Active Measures in Putin{\textquoteright}s Russia},
  abstract = {This paper investigates the role of Soviet-style {\textquotedblleft}active measures{\textquotedblright} as an element of modern Russian {\textquotedblleft}political warfare.{\textquotedblright} These techniques were commonly used during the Soviet-era, encompassing a broad range of influence activities, including: covert media placement, forgery, agents of influence, {\textquotedblleft}friendship{\textquotedblright} societies, front organizations, and more. Today, in Putin{\textquoteright}s Russia, these active measures are once again in use, updated for digitally interconnected {\textquotedblleft}global information space.{\textquotedblright} The paper begins with an introduction to active measures, then discusses their role in Soviet foreign policy and the attempts by the American {\textquotedblleft}Active Measures Working Group{\textquotedblright} to counter them. The paper then describes how the Soviet active measures playbook has been updated for the modern era, using three case studies as examples. The paper concludes with a discussion on strategy, reproducing a number of recommendations from key publications.},
  year = {2016},
  journal = {Connections: The Quarterly Journal},
  volume = {15},
  pages = {5-31},
  doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.11610/Connections.15.1.01},
  language = {eng},
}