@article{23136,
  keywords = {agent-based, gray zone, intermediate force capabilities, modeling, non-lethal weapons, security forces, simulation},
  author = {Shannon Foley and Caitlin Jackson and Susan Aros and Anne Baylouny},
  title = {NATO and Intermediate Force Capabilities: Why Human Effects Matter},
  abstract = {<p>On February 24, 2022, when Russia invaded Ukraine, the international order changed as sharply and abruptly as it did on the morning of the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks when the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) invoked Article V for the first time in NATO’s history. As a result of Russia’s invasion, NATO’s demand for deterrence capabilities—with the hope that Article V is never again necessary to exercise—is more urgent now than at any time in the 21st century. Because lethality is absolutely necessary but not sufficient, NATO must develop and maintain capabilities that complement lethal force with intermediate force options to complete the deterrence equation across the entire competition continuum.<br />
   Intermediate Force Capabilities (IFCs) can deliver immediate value to NATO countries, providing leaders and policymakers with Non-Lethal Weapons (NLW) options that can deter enemy actions, as necessary, below the level of lethal combat operations. IFCs, a term introduced into the U.S. Department of Defense in 2020 to define capabilities that bridge the gap between presence and lethal effects, encompass NLWs as well as other additional capabilities and technologies that have utility below the level of armed conflict.</p>
},
  year = {2022},
  journal = {Connections: The Quarterly Journal},
  volume = {21},
  chapter = {123},
  pages = {123-134},
  month = {2022},
  doi = {https://doi.org/10.11610/Connections.21.2.09},
  language = {eng},
}